(Hymn of non-Eternity):Who really knows?Who can here proclaim it?Whence, whence this creation sprang?Gods came later, after the creation of this universe.Who then knows whence it has arisen?Whether God's will created it, or whether He was mute Only He who is its overseer in highest heaven knows,He only knows, or perhaps He does not know.- 10.129.6–7The is the oldest extant text. Several different versions of the Sama Veda and the Atharva Veda are known, and many different versions of the Yajur Veda have been found in different parts of South Asia. Notes that the rituals, rites and ceremonies described in these ancient texts reconstruct to a large degree the Indo-European marriage rituals observed in a region spanning the Indian subcontinent, Persia and the European area, and some greater details are found in the Vedic era texts such as the Grhya Sūtras.Only one version of the Rigveda is known to have survived into the modern era. The (short ritual worship-related sections) are considered by some scholars as the fifth part. Witzel, also notes that it is the Vedic period itself, where incipient lists divide the Vedic texts into three (trayī) or four branches: Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva.Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types – the (mantras and benedictions), the (text on rituals, ceremonies such as newborn baby's rites of passage, coming of age, marriages, retirement and cremation, sacrifices and symbolic sacrifices), the (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the (text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). The Rigveda is the oldest work, which Witzel states are probably from the period of 1900 to 1100 BCE. (AV)Of these, the first three were the principal original division, also called ' trayī vidyā' that is, 'the triple science' of reciting hymns (Rigveda), performing sacrifices (Yajurveda), and chanting songs (Samaveda). Categories of Vedic texts.The canonical division of the Vedas is fourfold ( turīya) viz. Ancient universitiesThe Vedas, Vedic rituals and its ancillary sciences called the, were part of the curriculum at ancient universities such as at. The has a Rigveda manuscript from the 14th century however, there are a number of older Veda manuscripts in that are dated from the 11th century onwards. However, adds Goody, the Vedic texts likely involved both a written and oral tradition, calling it a 'parallel products of a literate society'.Due to the ephemeral nature of the manuscript material (birch bark or palm leaves), surviving manuscripts rarely surpass an age of a few hundred years. Some scholars such as Jack Goody state that 'the Vedas are not the product of an oral society', basing this view by comparing inconsistencies in the transmitted versions of literature from various oral societies such as the Greek, Serbia and other cultures, then noting that the Vedic literature is too consistent and vast to have been composed and transmitted orally across generations, without being written down. Witzel suggests the possibility of written Vedic texts towards the end of 1st millennium BCE.
A literary tradition is traceable in post-Vedic times, after the rise of in the, perhaps earliest in the recension of the Yajurveda about the 1st century BCE however oral tradition of transmission remained active. He gives 150 BCE as a for all Vedic Sanskrit literature, and 1200 BCE (the early ) as for the Atharvaveda.Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by, preserved with precision with the help of elaborate. Witzel makes special reference to the Near Eastern of the 14th century BCE, the only epigraphic record of Indo-Aryan contemporary to the Rigvedic period. 1000–500 BCE, resulting in a, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the and the.The Vedic period reaches its peak only after the composition of the mantra texts, with the establishment of the various all over Northern India which annotated the mantra with discussions of their meaning, and reaches its end in the age of and and the rise of the (archaeologically, ). The Samhitas date to roughly 1700–1100 BCE, and the 'circum-Vedic' texts, as well as the of the Samhitas, date to c.
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